Influence of the Different Maturation Conditions of Cocoa Beans on the Chemical Profile of Craft Chocolates.

Cocoa beans (Theobroma cacao L.) can be used for craft chocolate production, which arouses consumer interest due to their perceived better quality. This study aimed to evaluate the chemical profile of 80% artisanal chocolate samples produced with cocoa beans subjected to different maturation conditions. In the first maturation process, beans were matured under no-oxygen conditions, and in the second, the toasted beans were matured in oak barrels. The volatile compounds of the chocolate samples were extracted by the solid-phase microextraction method in headspace mode and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometer. The non-volatile compounds were extracted with methanol and analyzed through paper spray mass spectrometry. Overall, 35 volatile compounds belonging to different chemical classes (acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, and pyrazines) were identified, such as propanoic acid and butane-2,3-diol. In addition, 37 non-volatile compounds, such as procyanidin A pentoside and soyasaponin B, were listed. Tannins, flavonoids, and phenylpropanoids were the main chemical classes observed, varying between the two samples analyzed. Therefore, it was possible to verify that maturation conditions affected the metabolomic profile of the 80% artisanal chocolate samples, being able to influence the sensory characteristics and bioactive compounds profile. Given these results, the sensory evaluation of these chocolates is suggested as the next step.

Development and Characterization of Yellow Passion Fruit Peel Flour (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa).

In this study, the peels of the yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) were used to develop a flour that was evaluated in terms of its physicochemical, microscopic, colorimetric, and granulometric characteristics, its total phenolic compound and carotenoid contents, and its antioxidant capacity. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy measurements were employed to investigate the constituent functional groups, compounds' chemical profiles were assessed by Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry (PS-MS), and the compound's chemical profiles were evaluated by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC). This flour presented a light color, heterogeneous granulometry, high carbohydrate, carotenoid, and total phenolic compound contents with high antioxidant capacity. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed a particulate flour, which is supposed to contribute to its compactness. FTIR demonstrated the presence of functional groups corresponding to cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, constituents of insoluble dietary fiber. The PS-MS analysis suggested the presence of 22 substances, covering diverse component classes such as organic, fatty, and phenolic acids, flavonoids, sugars, quinones, phenylpropanoid glycerides terpenes, and amino acids. This research demonstrated the potential of using Passion Fruit Peel Flour (PFPF) as an ingredient for food products. The advantages of using PFPF comprise the reduction of agro-industrial waste, contribution to the development of a sustainable food system, and increment of food products' functional profile. Moreover, its high content of several bioactive compounds can benefit consumers' health.

Elaboration and Characterization of Pereskia aculeate Miller Extracts Obtained from Multiple Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Conditions.

Pereskia aculeata Miller, is an unconventional food plant native to South America. This study aimed to investigate the influence of different ultrasonic extraction times (10, 20, 30, and 40 min) on the phytochemical profile, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of ethanolic extracts obtained from lyophilized Pereskia aculeate Miller (ora-pro-nobis) leaves, an under-researched plant. Morphological structure and chemical group evaluations were also conducted for the lyophilized P. aculeate leaves. The different extraction times resulted in distinct phenolic content and Antioxidant Activity (ATT) values. Different extraction time conditions resulted in phenolic compound contents ranging from 2.07 to 2.60 mg EAG.g-1 of extract and different ATT values. The ATT evaluated by DPPH was significantly higher (from 61.20 to 70.20 µM of TE.g-1 of extract) in extraction times of 30 and 40 min, respectively. For ABTS, it varied between 6.38 and 10.24 µM of TE.g-1 of extract and 24.34 and 32.12 µM ferrous sulp.g-1 of extract. All of the obtained extracts inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, particularly the treatment employing 20 min of extraction at the highest dilution (1.56 mg.mL-1). Although liquid chromatography analyses showed that chlorogenic acid was the primary compound detected for all extracts, Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry (PS-MS) suggested the extracts contained 53 substances, such as organic, fatty, and phenolic acids, sugars, flavonoids, terpenes, phytosterols, and other components. The PS-MS proved to be a valuable technique to obtain the P. aculeate leaves extract chemical profile. It was observed that the freeze-drying process enhanced the conservation of morphological structures of P. aculeate leaves, as evidenced by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) identified carboxyl functional groups and proteins between the 1000 and 1500 cm-1 bands in the P. aculeate leaves, thus favoring water interaction and contributing to gel formation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate different times (10, 20, 30 and 40 min) for ultrasound extraction of P. aculeate leaves. The polyphenols improved extraction, and high antioxidant activity demonstrates the potential for applying P. aculeate leaves and their extract as functional ingredients or additives in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Efficiency of Different Solvents in the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Plinia cauliflora and Syzygium cumini Fruits as Evaluated by Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry.

Jabuticaba (Plinia cauliflora) and jambolan (Syzygium cumini) fruits are rich in phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties, mostly concentrated in the peel, pulp, and seeds. Among the techniques for identifying these constituents, paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS) stands out as a method of ambient ionization of samples for the direct analysis of raw materials. This study aimed to determine the chemical profiles of the peel, pulp, and seeds of jabuticaba and jambolan fruits, as well as to assess the efficiency of using different solvents (water and methanol) in obtaining metabolite fingerprints of different parts of the fruits. Overall, 63 compounds were tentatively identified in the aqueous and methanolic extracts of jabuticaba and jambolan, 28 being in the positive ionization mode and 35 in the negative ionization mode. Flavonoids (40%), followed by benzoic acid derivatives (13%), fatty acids (13%), carotenoids (6%), phenylpropanoids (6%), and tannins (5%) were the groups of substances found in greater numbers, producing different fingerprints according to the parts of the fruit and the different extracting solvents used. Therefore, compounds present in jabuticaba and jambolan reinforce the nutritional and bioactive potential attributed to these fruits, due to the potentially positive effects performed by these metabolites in human health and nutrition.

An Integrative Approach to the Flavonoid Profile in Some Plants' Parts of the Annona Genus.

The Annonaceae family is widely distributed in subtropical and tropical regions. Several species of this family are known for their pharmacological and beneficial properties to human health, mainly attributed to flavonoids. The objective of this work was to carry out an integrative review in order to identify the main flavonoids found in some plant parts belonging to the Annona genus: araticum tree (Annona crassiflora Mart.), graviola tree (Annona muricata), atemoya tree (Annona cherimolia Mill × Annona squamosa L.), pinha tree (Annona squamosa), bananinha tree (Annona leptopetala), and marolinho tree (Annona coriacea). Only articles published between the years 2016 to 2021 that answered the guiding question were considered, in order to obtain recent data. Then, search strategies were designated for each database used: Science Direct, CAPES Periodicals, and Scielo. Most of the studies retrieved from the databases are related to fruits. The results showed that the number of flavonoids identified varies according to the analytical methodology used to identify and quantify the compounds. Quercetin was the most commonly found compound in all fruits of the Annona genus studied, and epicatechin, rutin, and kaempferol were also found to a lesser extent. The presence of these compounds in Annona makes the fruit promising, with potential applicability in the pharmaceutical and food industry.

An Integrative Review on the Main Flavonoids Found in Some Species of the Myrtaceae Family: Phytochemical Characterization, Health Benefits and Development of Products.

This integrative review aims to identify the main flavonoids present in some species of the Myrtaceae family. Studies published between 2016 and 2022 were selected, specifically those which were fully available and written in Portuguese, English, or Spanish, and which were related to the fruits araçá (Psidium cattleianum), cambuí (Myrciaria floribunda), gabiroba (Campomanesia xanthocarpa), jabuticaba (Plinia cauliflora), and jambolan (Syzygium cumini). Scientific studies were gathered and selected in Google Scholar, Scielo, and Science Direct indexed databases, out of which 14 were about araçá, 7 concerned cambuí, 4 were about gabiroba, 29 were related to jabuticaba, and 33 concerned jambolan, when we observed the pre-established inclusion criteria. Results showed that the anthocyanins, such as cyanidin, petunidin, malvidin, and delphinidin, were the mostly identified class of flavonoids in plants of the Myrtaceae family, mainly relating to the purple/reddish color of the evaluated fruits. Other compounds, such as catechin, epicatechin, quercetin, and rutin were also identified in different constituent fractions, such as leaves, peel, pulp, seeds, and in developed products, such as jams, desserts, wines, teas, and other beverages. It is also worth noting the positive health effects verified in these studies, such as anti-inflammatory qualities for jambolan, antidiabetic qualities for gabiroba, antioxidant qualities for araçá, and cardioprotective actions for jabuticaba, which are related to the presence of these phytochemicals. Therefore, it is possible to point out that flavonoids are important compounds in the chemical constitution of the studied plants of the Myrtaceae family, with promising potential in the development of new products by the food, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries due to their bioactive properties.

Use of pulp, peel, and seed of Annona crassiflora Mart. in elaborating extracts for fingerprint analysis using paper spray mass spectrometry.

The Brazilian cerrado is considered one of the most critical biomes in the world. Araticum (Annona crassiflora Mart.) is a native plant from the Brazilian cerrado, abundant in nutrients and highly energetic. This study aimed to obtain chemical fingerprints of different parts of the araticum fruit, i.e. pulp, peel, and seed. Extracts from these three parts were prepared using different solvents (ethanol, water, and mixtures of ethanol and water) and later analyzed by paper spray ionization mass spectrometry. In general, ethanol extracted more metabolites than the other solvents. The chemical profiles varied according to the fruit part, geographic location, and extractor solvent. Among the metabolites, acetogenins (62.3%) and alkaloids (20.7%) predominated. Principal component analyses revealed that the samples were grouped according to the fruit part, regardless of the extractor solvent used. Araticum shows remarkable potential due to the beneficial properties of the metabolites for human health. The insertion of araticum in the human diet is still underexplored but is a promising alternative.

Degree of hydrolysis and peptide profile of whey proteins using pancreatin / Grau de hidrólise e perfil peptídico das proteínas do soro de leite utilizando a pancreatina

In the present study, we used pancreatin for hydrolyzing whey proteins and evaluated the degree of hydrolysis (DH) and peptide size distribution. The following methods were used for DH determination: formol titration, soluble protein content, ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA), and freezing point. Peptide size distribution was conducted by size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The DH varied from 3.26% to 36.41%, and the highest yield was obtained by the soluble protein content method (mean of 35.85%). Formol titration was considered the most suitable method for assessing the DH, because it showed a marked increase with reaction time (from 1h-17.20% to 2h-24.86%). Significant positive correlation of strong intensity was observed between the following methods: formol titration and OPA (r=0.9616; p=0.0090), formol titration and freezing point (r=0.8784; p=0.0493), and OPA and freezing point (r=0.9515; p=0.0127). The highest contents of di- and tri-peptides and free amino acids were 9.07% and 8.22%, respectively. A significant positive correlation of strong intensity was also observed between the degree of hydrolysis and the fraction of medium-sized peptides by the formol titration (r =?0.9274; p=0.0232) and OPA (r=?0.8977; p=0.0386) methods.

En este trabajo, se utilizó una pancreatina para hidrolizar las proteínas del suero de leche, evaluándose el grado de hidrólisis (GH) y la distribución de tamaño de los péptidos. Los métodos de valoración con formol, determinación de proteínas solubles, ortoftalaldehído (OPA) y disminución del punto de congelación se emplearon para evaluar el GH. La distribución del tamaño de los péptidos se realizó por cromatografía líquida de exclusión molecular. El GH varió de 3,26% a 36,41% y los mejores resultados se obtuvieron con el método de determinación de proteínas solubles (media de 35,85%). La valoración con formol se consideró el método más adecuado para evaluar el GH, en función de los significativos incrementos con el tiempo de reacción (de 17,20% a 24,86%). Se observó una correlación positiva y de fuerte intensidad entre los siguientes métodos: valoración con formol y OPA (r=0,9616, p=0,0090); valoración con formol y disminución del punto de congelación (r=0,8784, p=0,0493); OPA con la disminución del punto de congelación (r=0,9515, p=0,0127). Los contenidos más altos de di-tripéptidos y de aminoácidos libres fueron de 9,07% y 8,22%, respectivamente. Una correlación positiva y de fuerte intensidad se verificó entre la fracción de péptidos medios y el GH evaluado con los métodos de la valoración con formol (r=?0,9274, p=0,0232) y OPA (r=?0,8977, p=0,0386).

Neste trabalho, uma pancreatina foi utilizada para hidrolisar as proteínas do soro de leite, avaliando-se o grau de hidrólise (GH) e a distribuição de tamanho dos peptídeos. Os métodos de titulação com formol, determinação de pro-teínas solúveis, ortoftalaldeído (OPA) e depressão do ponto de congelamento foram empregados para avaliar o GH. A distribuição do tamanho de peptídeos foi realizada por cromatografia líquida de exclusão molecular. O GH variou de 3,26% a 36,41% e os melhores resultados foram obtidos com o método de determinação de pro¬teínas solúveis (média de 35,85%). A titulação com formol foi considerada como o método mais adequado para avaliar o GH, em função dos significativos aumentos com o tempo de reação (de 17,20% a 24,86%). Observou-se uma correlação positiva e de forte intensidade entre os métodos de titulação com formol e OPA (r=0,9616, p=0,0090); titulação com formol e depressão do ponto de congelamento (r=0,8784, p=0,0493); OPA e depressão do ponto de congelamento (r=0,9515, p=0,0127). Os maiores teores de di-tripeptídeos e de aminoácidos livres foram de 9,07% e 8,22%, respectivamente. Correlação positiva e de forte intensidade foi verificada entre a fração de peptídeos médios e o GH avaliado pelos métodos da titulação com formol (r=?0,9274, p=0,0232) e OPA (r=?0,8977, p=0,0386).

Action of a pancreatin and an Aspergillus oryzae protease on whey proteins: correlation among the methods of analysis of the enzymatic hydrolysates

The objectives of this study were to hydrolyze whey proteins using a pancreatin and an Aspergillus oryzae protease; to evaluate the degree of hydrolysis (DH) and the peptide profile; and to establish the correlations among the analytical methods. Ten hydrolysates were prepared at different reaction times and the highest DH was obtained by the protein content method. Good correlations (r > 0.87) between the methods of formaldehyde and orthophthalaldehyde (OPA), formaldehyde and osmometry as well as osmometry and OPA were observed using pancreatin. Similar results were obtained between OPA and soluble protein content for the A. oryzae protease. The action of pancreatin produced the highest contents of di- and tripeptides (9.07, 7.12 and 6.46%) and the lowest of large peptides (42.43, 41.33 and 41.13%), after 3, 4 and 5 h of hydrolysis, respectively. Using pancreatin, the DH measured by formol titration and OPA was positively correlated with medium peptide content and negatively correlated with large peptide content. For the A. oryzae protease, a strong negative correlation was observed between the large peptide content and the DH measured by the OPA method.

Analysis of whey protein hydrolysates: peptide profile and ACE inhibitory activity

The aim of this study was to prepare enzymatic hydrolysates from whey protein concentrate with a nutritionally adequate peptide profile and the ability to inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity. The effects of the type of enzyme used (pancreatin or papain), the enzyme:substrate ratio (E:S ratio=0.5:100, 1:100, 2:100 and 3:100) and the use of ultrafiltration (UF) were investigated. The fractionation of peptides was performed by size-exclusion-HPLC, and the quantification of the components of the chromatographic fractions was carried out by a rapid Corrected Fraction Area method. The ACE inhibitory activity (ACE-IA) was determined by Reverse Phase-HPLC. All parameters tested affected both the peptide profile and the ACE-IA. The best peptide profile was achieved for the hydrolysates obtained with papain, whereas pancreatin was more advantageous in terms of ACE-IA. The beneficial effect of using a lower E:S ratio on the peptide profile and ACE-IA was observed for both enzymes depending on the conditions used to prepare the hydrolysates. The beneficial effect of not using UF on the peptide profile was observed in some cases for pancreatin and papain. However, the absence of UF yielded greater ACE-IA only when using papain.

O objetivo deste estudo foi preparar hidrolisados enzimáticos do concentrado proteico do soro de leite com perfil peptídico nutricionalmente adequado e com capacidade para inibir a atividade da enzima conversora da angiotensina (ECA). Os efeitos do tipo de enzima usado (pancreatina ou papaína), da relação enzima:substrato (E:S=0,5:100, 1:100, 2:100 e 3:100) e do uso da ultrafiltração (UF) foram investigados. O fracionamento dos peptídeos foi feito por CLAE de exclusão molecular e a quantificação dos componentes das frações cromatográficas foi realizada pelo método da Área Corrigida da Fração. A atividade inibitória da ECA (AI-ECA) foi determinada por CLAE de fase reversa. Todos os parâmetros testados afetaram tanto o perfil peptídico quanto a AI-ECA. O melhor perfil peptídico foi atingido para os hidrolisados obtidos com papaína, enquanto a pancreatina foi mais vantajosa em termos da AI-ECA. O efeito benéfico do uso de menor relação E:S sobre o perfil peptídico e a AI-ECA foi observado para ambas as enzimas dependendo das condições usadas para o preparo dos hidrolisados. O efeito benéfico da ausência da UF sobre o perfil peptídico foi observado em alguns casos para pancreatina e papaína. No entanto, a ausência da UF produziu maior AI-ECA somente quando a papaína foi usada.

Perfil peptídico de hidrolisados enzimáticos do concentrado proteico do soro de leite, obtidos pela ação da pancreatina e da papaína / Peptide profile of enzymatic hydrolysates from whey protein concentrate obtained by action of pancreatin and papain

The aim of this study was to obtain enzymatic hydrolysates from whey protein concentrate with high oligopeptide, especially di- and tripeptides, and free amino acid contents, besides small amounts of large peptides. Different parameters were evaluated such as type of enzyme (pancreatin and papain), enzyme:substrate ratio (0.5:100, 1:100, 2:100 and 3:100), and the use of ultrafi ltration. The peptide profi les of the hydrolysates were characterized by using a fractionation method by size-exclusion HPLC followed by a rapid Corrected Fraction Area method for quantifying the components of the chromatographic fractions. The results showed that, in terms of number of analyzed samples, the pancreatin action was more advantageous than papain. However, the best peptide profile was obtained by papain, reaching 15.29% of di- and tripeptides, 47.83% of free amino acids and 25.73% of large peptides. The use of the smallest enzyme:substrate ratio (0.5:100) was beneficial in some cases for both enzymes, while the lack of ultrafiltration was favorable just for pancreatin.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue obtener hidrolizados enzimáticos a partir de concentrado proteico de suero lácteo con elevados contenidos de oligopéptidos, especialmente di y tri péptidos, y aminoácidos libres, además de reducida cantidad de grandes péptidos. Para eso fueron evaluados algunos parámetros como el tipo de enzima (pancreatina o papaína), la relación enzima:substrato (0,5:100, 1:100, 2:100 y 3:100)y el empleo de ultrafiltración. Para evaluar el perfil peptídico, los hidrolizados se sometieron a fraccionamiento en cromatografía líquida de alta eficiencia de exclusión molecular (SE-HPLC) y para la cuantificación de los componentes de las fracciones de la cromatografía fue utilizado el método del Área Corregida de la Fracción (ACF). Los resultados indican que el uso de pancreatina fue más ventajoso que el de papaína, así como la menor relación enzima:substrato (0,5:100). Por otro lado, el mejor perfil peptídico (15,29% de di y tripéptidos, 47,83% de aminoácidos libresy 25,73% de grandes péptidos) fue conseguido con el empleo de papaína. La menor relación enzima:substrato (0,5:100) fue favorable en algunos casos para las dos enzimas. La ausencia de ultrafiltración favoreció los hidrolizados producidos con pancreatina.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a obtenção de hidrolisados enzimáticos do concentrado proteico do soro de leite com elevado teor de oligopeptídeos, principalmente di- e tripeptídeos, e de aminoácidos livres, além de quantidade reduzida de grandes peptídeos. Para tal, foram avaliados diferentes parâmetros, como tipo de enzima (pancreatina e papaína), relação enzima:substrato (0,5:100, 1:100, 2:100 e 3:100) e o emprego da ultrafiltração. Caracterizou-se o perfil peptídico pelo fracionamento dos hidrolisados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência de exclusão molecular e, para a quantificação dos componentes das frações cromatográficas, empregou-se o método rápido da Área Corrigida da Fração. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que, em termos de número de casos analisados, a ação da pancreatina foi mais vantajosa do que a da papaína. Entretanto, o melhor perfil peptídico foi obtido pela açãoda papaína, dando origem a 15,29% de di- e tripeptídeos, 47,83% de aminoácidos livres e 25,73% de grandes peptídeos. A utilização da menor relação enzima:substrato (0,5:100) foi benéfica em alguns casos para ambas as enzimas, enquanto que a ausência da ultrafiltração mostrou-se favorável apenas para a pancreatina.

Efeito da remoção de fenilalanina sobre o perfil peptídico de hidrolisados proteicos da farinha de trigo / Phenylalanine removal effect on the peptide profile of hydrolyzed protein from wheat flour

Para avaliar o efeito da remoção de fenilalanina no perfil peptídico dos hidrolisados proteicos de farinha de trigo, foram preparados nove hidrolisados empregando-se a associação sucessiva de pancreatina e de extrato enzimático bruto obtido da casca de abacaxi (EB). Foram testados o efeito da ordem de adição das enzimas, da temperatura de reação, da relação enzima: substrato (E:S) e do tratamento físico da amostra. A análise do perfil peptídico dos hidrolisados foi realizada em duas etapas: antes e após a remoção da fenilalanina. A cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência de exclusão molecular foi utilizada para efetuar o fracionamento e a quantificação dos peptídeos e aminoácidos livres pela técnica da Área Corrigida da Fração. O processo de remoção de fenilalanina melhorou o perfil peptídico de três hidrolisados, mas não afetou no de cinco hidrolisados. O efeito benéfico desse processo está associado ao aumento no teor de di- e tripeptídeos ou à redução na quantidade de peptídeos grandes. O melhor perfil peptídico foi obtido após a remoção de fenilalanina, utilizando-se pancreatina E:S de 4:100 a 50°C, durante 210 min, seguidade EB E:S de 10:100 a 70°C durante 90 min.

The effect of phenylalanine removal on the peptide profile of the protein hydrolysates from wheat flour wasinvestigated. Nine hydrolysates were prepared, using a successive association of a pancreatin and a crudeenzymatic extract obtained from pineapple peel (CE), and the effect of the order of enzymes addition, thereaction temperature, the enzyme: substrate (E:S) ratio, and the physical treatment of sample were examined.The analysis of peptide profile of hydrolysates was performed in two stages, that is before and after removingphenylalanine. The size-exclusion high performance liquid chromatography was used for performing the fractionation, followed by Correct Fraction Area technique for quantifying peptides and free amino acids. The process of phenylalanine removal improved the peptide profile of three hydrolyzed samples, but it did not affect the five hydrolysates. The beneficial effect of this process is correlated with the increase of di- and tripeptides contents, or in reducing the amount of large peptides. The best peptide profile was obtained after phenylalanine removal by using pancreatin at E:S ratio of 4:100 at 50ºC for 210min, followed by CE at E:S ratio of 10:100 at 70ºC for 90 min.

Obtenção de hidrolisados enzimáticos do concentrado proteico do soro de leite com baixo teor de fenilalanina / Preparation of whey protein concentrate hydrolysates with low phenylalanine content

The objective of this work was to obtain enzymatic hydrolysates of wheyprotein concentrate with low phenylalanine content. Seventeen enzymatic hydrolysates were prepared and the effects of some parameters, such as type of enzyme; enzyme: substrate ratio; substrate concentration and time of hydrolysis were evaluated. Activated carbon was used as adsorbent and showed to be efficient for removing phenylalanine, leading to values above 70%. The best results were otained using pancreatin in an enzyme: substrate ratio of 1:100, a substrate concentration of 10% after 5 hours of hydrolysis, obtaining 81.3% of removal and a final phenylalanine content of 394.1 mg/100g of hydrolysate.

El objetivo de la investigación fue la obtención de hidrolizados enzimáticos con bajo contenido de fenilalanina, a partir de concentrado proteico de suero de leche. Se prepararon 17 hidrolizados enzimáticos y se evaluó el efecto de algunos parámetros como: tipo de enzima, relación enzima: sustrato, concentración de la materia prima y tiempo de hidrólisis. Carbón activado fue utilizado como medio adsorbente, y se mostró eficaz en la remoción de fenilalanina, se obteniendo porcentuales sobre 70%. El mejor resultado fué encontrado usando pancreatina en una relación enzima: sustrato de 1:100, con concentración de materia prima de 10% y 5 horas de hidrólisis, consiguiendo 81,3% de remoción y el contenido final de fenilalaninade 394,1 mg/100g de hidrolizado

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a obtenção de hidrolisados enzimáticos, a partir do concentrado proteico do soro do leite combaixo teor de fenilalanina. Foram preparados 17 hidrolisados enzimáticos, avaliando-se o efeito de alguns parâmetros, como tipo de enzima, relação enzima: substrato, concentração da matéria-prima e tempo de hidrólise. O carvão ativado foi utilizado como meio adsorvente, e mostrou-se eficaz na remoção da fenilalanina, obtendo-se percentuais acima de 70%. O melhor resultado foi encontrado utilizando-se apancreatina na relação enzima: substrato de 1:100, com a concentração da matéria-prima de 10% após 5 horas de hidrólise, atingindo 81,3% de remoção e o teor final de fenilalaninade 394,1mg/100g de hidrolisado.

Emprego da hidrólise enzimática utilizando subtilisina para elevar o valor nutricional do soro de leite / Use of enzymatic hydrolysis using subtilisin for increasing the nutritional value of whey

With the aim of increasing the nutritional value of whey, a subtilisin was used for hydrolysing its proteins and obtaining high di-tripeptide and free amino acid contents, besides small amounts of large peptides. The whey protein concentrate was used as raw material and different hydrolytic conditions were tested such as reaction time (5, 10 and 15h), enzyme:substrate ratio (1:100, 2:100 and 4:100) and raw material concentration (10% and 15%). The peptide profi les were initially characterized using a fractionation method by a size-exclusion-HPLC followed by a rapid Corrected Fraction Area method for quantifying the peptides. The action of subtilisin showed varied effects depending on the hydrolysis parameters used. The best peptide profi le was obtained using a raw material concentration of 10%, an enzyme:substrate ratio of 4:100, after 5h reaction, reaching 13.34% ofdi-tripeptides, 45.56% of free amino acids and just 12.28% of large peptides.

Con el propósito de mejorar el valor nutricional del suero lácteo, fue empleada una subtilisina para hidrolizar sus proteínas y obtener un alto contenido de di-tri péptidos, aminoácidos libres con reducción del tenor de grandes péptidos.La materia prima fue el concentrado proteico del suero lácteo y diferentes condiciones de hidrólisis fueron probadas: tiempo de hidrólisis(5, 10 y 15h), la relación enzima: substrato (1:100, 2:100 y 4:100) y la concentración de la materia prima (10% y 15%). Se caracterizó elperfi l peptídico por medio de fraccionamiento de los hidrolizados utilizando cromatografía líquida de alta efi ciencia de exclusión moleculary la cuantifi cación de los componentes de las fracciones cromatográfi cas fue realizada por el método rápido del área corregida de la fracción. Para los parámetros estudiados, se observaronefectos variados de la subtilisina en la obtención de los hidrolizados, y el mejor perfi l peptídico fue encontrado cuando se utilizó la concentración de materia prima de 10%, relación enzima: substrato de 4:100 y 5 horas de reacción. Estas condiciones dieron origen a un hidrolizado compuesto de 13,34% de di-tripeptídeos, 45,56%de aminoácidos libres y sólo 12,28% de grandes péptidos.

Com o intuito de elevar o valor nutricional do soro de leite, foi empregada uma subtilisinapara hidrolisar suas proteínas e obter alto teor de di-tripeptídios, e de aminoácidos livres, alémde pequena quantidade de grandes peptídios. A matéria-prima utilizada foi o concentrado proteico do soro de leite e diferentes condições hidrolíticas foram testadas, tais como o tempo dereação (5, 10 e 15h), a relação enzima:substrato (1:100, 2:100 e 4:100) e a concentração damatéria-prima (10% e 15%). Caracterizou-se o perfil peptídico pelo fracionamento dos hidrolisados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência de exclusão molecular e, para a quantificação dos componentes das frações cromatográficas, empregou-se o método rápido da Área Corrigida da Fração. Para os parâmetros estudados, observaram-se efeitos variados da subtilisina na obtenção dos hidrolisados, sendo que o melhor perfil peptídico foi encontrado ao se empregar a concentração da matéria-primade 10%, relação enzima:substrato de 4:100, após 5 h de reação, tendo obtido 13,34% de ditripeptídeos, 45,56% de aminoácidos livres e, apenas, 12,28% de grandes peptídios.

Ação de fatores enzimáticos na obtenção de hidrolisados protéicos de farinha de trigo com baixo teor de fenilalanina / Action of enzymatic factors in obtaining protein hydrolysates of wheat flour, low-phenylalanine

Visando ao preparo de farinha de trigo com baixo teor de fenilalanina (Phe), extraiu-se, enzimaticamente as proteínas, empregando-se uma protease alcalina de Bacillus licheniformis. Em seguida, os extratos protéicos foram hidrolisados pela ação de enzimas comerciais (pancreatina e bromelina) e de extratos enzimáticos obtidos da casca de abacaxi (bruto e purificado), avaliando-se alguns parâmetros enzimáticos, tais como tipo de enzima, tipo de ação enzimática, tipo de associação enzimática e ordem de ação enzimática. O carvão ativado (CA) foi empregado como meio adsorvente e a eficiência da remoção de Phe foi avaliada por espectrofotometria derivada segunda, determinando-se o teor de Phe na farinha de trigo e em seus hidrolisados, após tratamento com CA. O melhor resultado foi encontrado ao se empregar a associação sucessiva do extrato bruto seguida da pancreatina, tendo atingido 66,28 por cento de remoção e o teor final de Phe de 522,44 mg/100 g de hidrolisado.

With the aim of producing wheat flour with low phenylalanine (Phe) content to be introduced in phenylketonuric's diet, the proteins were enzymaticaly extracted, using an alkaline protease from Bacillus licheniformis. Then, the protein extracts were hydrolyzed by the action of commercial enzymes (pancreatin and bromelain) and of enzymatic extracts obtained from pineapple peel (crude and purified). Some enzymatic parameters were evaluated, such as type of enzyme, type of enzyme action, type of enzymatic association and order of enzyme action. The activated carbon (AC) was used as adsorbent and the efficiency of Phe removal was evaluated by second derivative spectrophotometry measuring the Phe content in wheat flour and in their hydrolysates after AC treatment. The best result was found for the successive association of crude extract followed by pancreatin obtaining 66.28 percent of removal and a final Phe content of 522.44 mg/100 g of hydrolysate.

Ação da pancreatina na obtenção de hidrolisados protéicos de soro de leite com elevado teor de oligopeptídeos / Action of pancreatin for obtaining whey protein hydrolysates with high oligopeptide contents

Vários hidrolisados enzimáticos de soro de leite foram preparados visando a elevação do teor de oligopeptídeos e a redução de custos para produção em larga escala. Para isso, empregou-se a pancreatina e alguns parâmetros hidrolíticos como o tempo de reação (5, 10 e 15h), a relação E:S (1:100, 2:100 e 4:100) e a concentração do substrato (10 e 15 por cento) foram testados. Os hidrolisados foram fracionados por cromatografia liquida de alta eficiência de exclusão molecular (SEHPLC) e, para a quantificação dos componentes das frações cromatográficas, empregou-se o método rápido da Área Corrigida da Fração. Para os parâmetros estudados, observou-se efeito benéfico sobre o perfil peptídico, sendo que o melhor resultado, associado, principalmente, ao maior teor de oligopeptídeos (49 por cento) e ao menor conteúdo de aminoácidos livres (22 por cento), foi obtido quando se empregou a concentração do substrato a 10 por cento, a relação E:S de 4:100 e o tempo de reação de 10h.

Several enzymatic hydrolysates of whey were prepared with the objective of increasing the oligopeptide content and reducing the cost of large scale production. Pancreatin was used and some hydrolytic parameters such as reaction time (5, 10 and 15h), enzyme:substrate ratio (E:S) (1:100, 2:100 and 4:100) and substrate concentration (10 and 15 percent) were tested. The hydrolysates were fractionated by size-exclusion-HPLC and the rapid corrected fraction area method was used for quantifying the chromatographic fractions. The beneficial effect on the peptide profile was observed in several cases, and it was mainly associated with higher oligopeptide (49 percent) and lower amino acid (22 percent) contents, which were obtained for a substrate concentration of 10 percent, E:S ratio of 4:100 and reaction time of 10h.

Imobilização da pancreatina em carvão ativado e em alumina para o preparo de hidrolisados de soro de leite / Immobilization of pancreatin in activated carbon and in alumina for preparing whey hydrolysates

Tendo como objetivo a redução de custos do processo de fabricação de hidrolisados protéicos, estudou-se neste trabalho a imobilização da pancreatina, por adsorção, em carvão ativado e em alumina. Para isso, foram testadas diferentes condições de imobilização (30, 60 e 90min a 25°C, e 12h a 5°C). Para verificar a taxa de imobilização, determinou-se indiretamente a enzima não adsorvida nos suportes. Ao se utilizar o carvão ativado, não foi observada diferença significativa entre as condições testadas, tendo-se obtido 100% de imobilização enzimática. Para a alumina, a melhor condição foi a de 90min, na qual se obteve 37% de imobilização. A medida do grau de exposição da fenilalanina, pela espectrofotometria derivada segunda, foi empregada para a determinação da estabilidade operacional da enzima, tendo sido mostrado que a imobilização em carvão ativado e em alumina permitiu a reutilização da pancreatina por até 5 vezes e 2 vezes, respectivamente.

Immobilization of pancreatin in activated carbon and in alumina was studied for producing protein hydrolysates, in order to reduce the process costs. Different immobilization conditions were tested (30, 60 and 90min at 25°C, and 12h at 5°C). For estimating the immobilization rate the amount of the non-adsorbed enzyme on the supports was indirectly determined. When activated carbon was used, no significant difference was observed among the tested conditions, obtaining 100% of enzymatic immobilization. In case of alumina, the best condition showed to be the 90min treatment which produced 37% of immobilization. The evaluation of the degree of exposition of phenylalanine, by second derivative spectrophotometry, was used for the determination of the enzyme operational stability, and showed that the immobilization in activated carbon and in alumina allowed the reusability of the pancreatin for 5 times and 2 times, respectively.

Perfil peptídico de hidrolisados enzimáticos de leite em pó desnatado / Peptide profile of enzymatic hydrolysates from skim milk powder

Sete hidrolisados de leite em pó desnatado foram preparados, visando à produção de hidrolisados protéicos, como suplemento dietético para fenilcetonúricos. Para isso, utilizaram-se uma protease do Aspergillus oryzae (AO), a papaína (PA) e a pepsina (PE), isoladamente ou não em associação, em diferentes relações enzima:substrato (E:S), sendo o tempo total de reação de 5 h e a temperatura de 50°C. Adotou-se com critério para a avaliação nutricional dos hidrolisados, o estudo da distribuição dos peptídeos nas amostras, de acordo com o tamanho da cadeia. Inicialmente, os hidrolisados foram fracionados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência de exclusão molecular (SE-HPLC) e, para a quantificação dos componentes das frações cromatográficas, empregou-se o método rápido da Área Corrigida da Fração (ACF)...

Efeito da substituição parcial da gordura pela globina e plasma bovinos em patê de presunto / Effects of the partial fat replacement to the bovine globin and plasma in ham paté

O efeito da substituição parcial de gordura, cerca de 38,2 por cento, por globina bovina (GL), plasma bovino (PL) ou globina e plasma 1:1 (GP) sobre a qualidade do patê de presunto foi estudado. Avaliou-se na massa crua o teor de proteínas sal-solúveis (SSP) e as propriedades Ligantes representadas pela capacidade de retenção de água (WHC) e pela estabilidade da massa crua (RBS). A incorporação de GL resultou em valores de SSP similares aos do controle. O uso de PL, isoladamente ou em associação com GL, promoveu um aumento significativo de SSP, quando comparado ao controle. Resultados similares também foram observados para RBS, em que a incorporação GL resultou em maiores valores (p<0,05) do que nas formulações contendo PL ou GP. No caso de WHC, todas as formulações estudadas foram inferiores ao controle, sendo os melhores resultados obtidos para GL, e os piores quando foi utilizado PL

Hidrolisados enzimáticos de leite em pó desnatado como fonte de oligopeptídeos para formulações dietéticas / Enzymatic hydrolysates from skimmed powder milk as source of oligopeptides for dietary formulations

Seis hidrolisados de leite em pó desnatado foram preparados visando a produção de hidrolisados protéicos para uso em formulações dietéticas para fenilcetonúricos. Para isso utilizaram-se uma protease do Aspergillus oryzae (AO), isoladamente ou em associação com a papaína (PA), em diferentes tempos de reação e relação enzima:substrato (E:S). O interesse deste trabalho está associado ao estudo da distribuição dos peptídios nestas amostras, de acordo com o tamanho da cadeia, como critério de avaliação de sua qualidade nutricional. Inicialmente, os hidrolisados foram fracionados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência de exclusão molecular (SE-HPLC) e, para a quantificação dos componentes das frações cromatográficas, empregou-se o método rápido da Área Corrigida da Fração (ACF)...